Ubuntu 6.06 Alustamisjuhend: erinevus redaktsioonide vahel

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==== How to install Firewall (Firestarter) ====
==== Kuidas paigaldada tulemüür (Firestarter) ====


*Lugege [[#Üldised Märkused]]
*Lugege [[#Üldised Märkused]]

Redaktsioon: 30. mai 2006, kell 20:15

Aidake koostamisega/tõlkimisega!

Hoiatus. Tegu on suure failiga. Seega palun ärge üritage seda kogu mahus redigeerida.

Käesolevas õpetuses on arvestatud, et tegu on inglise keelse Gnomega.

Mitteametlik Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) Alustamisjuhend

See juhend kirjutati algselt Chua Wen Kiati (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) poolt ja on avaldatud http://ubuntuguide.org/ lehel. Seda juhendit uuendas Linux Center of University of Latvia ja nüüd on selle tõlkinud Pingviini Viki kasutajaskond. Käesolevas õpetuses on arvestatud, et tegu on inglise keelse Gnomega.

Üldised Märkused

  1. This is an Unofficial Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake) Starter Guide. It is not associated with Ubuntu and Canonical Ltd.
  2. Guide is tested on a full installation of the Ubuntu 6.06 x86 Install CD (Dapper Drake)
  3. If you see a bluish box, this means you have to execute the commands in Terminal mode (Applications -> System Tools -> Terminal) or use the content of that box as mentioned in some other instructions.
  4. To reduce typo mistakes, copy and paste the commands into Terminal mode (right click on the commands -> "Copy" or "Paste". You can also use Ctrl+C to copy and Shift+Insert to paste it)
  5. "sudo" means superuser do. "sudo" will prompt for "Password:". Please specify user password
  6. If you want more information about any command, simply look at the manual page for it using the "man" command. For example, "man sudo" will display the manual page for the "sudo" command.
  7. If you are tired of typing "apt-get" all the time, Lugege #How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic)
  8. "apt-get" and "wget" requires Internet connection to install/update/download programs
  9. To download file, right click on the link -> Select "Save Link As..." -> Make sure file name and extension are correct
  10. If you wish to help translating Ubuntu to your native language or to help Ubuntu otherwise visit https://launchpad.net/
  11. May the "humanity to others" spirit be with you always...


If you are using Kubuntu you need to install Gedit
sudo apt-get install gedit
Or replace 'gedit' with 'kwrite', for example, instead of writing
 sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
Write
 sudo kwrite /etc/apt/sources.list
If you are using 64-bit version replace "i386" with "amd64"

Alustuseks

Mis on Ubuntu

Mida uut on Ubuntu 6.06 Dapper Drakes

Kust ma võin näha Ubuntu Dapper Drake kuvapilte?

Kust ma leian nimekirja programmidest, mis Ubuntuga kaasa tulevad?

Kust ma võin Ubuntu alla laadida

Kust saab tellida tasuta Ubuntu CD-sid?

Kust ma võin leida abi Ubuntu alal?

Kust leida uusi programme?

Kust leida vahendeid oma töölaua kaunistamiseks?

Repositooriumid

Kuidas lisada täiendavaid repositooriume?

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list_backup
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
  • Replace everything with the following lines
## Add comments (##) in front of any line to remove it from being checked.   
## Use the following sources.list at your own risk.  

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper main restricted universe multiverse

## MAJOR BUG FIX UPDATES produced after the final release
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates main restricted universe multiverse

## UBUNTU SECURITY UPDATES
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security main restricted universe multiverse

## BACKPORTS REPOSITORY (Unsupported.  May contain illegal packages.  Use at own risk.)
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse

## PLF REPOSITORY (Unsupported.  May contain illegal packages.  Use at own risk.)
deb http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf breezy free non-free
deb-src http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf breezy free non-free
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo apt-get update
Use your own sources.list file only if you understand what you're doing

Ubuntu uuendused

Kuidas ise uuendada Ubuntut

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

Täiendavad rakendused

Kuidas paigaldada GNOME lõikelauadeemon (Clipboard Daemon)?

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/gnome-clipboard-daemon-1.0.bin.tar.bz2
sudo tar jxvf gnome-clipboard-daemon-1.0.bin.tar.bz2 -C /usr/bin/
sudo chown root:root /usr/bin/gnome-clipboard-daemon
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/gnome-clipboard-daemon
sudo gnome-clipboard-daemon &
export EDITOR=gedit && crontab -e
  • Lisage järgnev rida faili lõppu
@reboot gnome-clipboard-daemon
  • Salvestage muudetud fail

Kuidas paigaldada Java töökeskkond (J2SE Runtime Environment -- JRE) koos Mozilla Firefox'i pluginaga?

sudo apt-get install sun-j2re1.5
echo 3 | sudo update-alternatives --config java
  • Käivita Mozilla Firefox uuesti

Kuidas paigaldada Flash'i mängija (MacroMedia Flash Player) plugin Mozilla Firefox'ile?

sudo apt-get install flashplugin-nonfree
sudo /usr/sbin/update-flashplugin
  • Käivita Mozilla Firefox uuesti

Kuidas paigaldada PDF lugeja (Adobe Reader) koos Mozilla Firefox'i pluginaga?

sudo apt-get install acroread
sudo apt-get install mozilla-acroread
sudo apt-get install acroread-plugins

Kuidas paigaldada allalaadimiste haldur (Downloader for X)?

sudo apt-get install d4x

Kuidas paigaldada FTP klient (gFTP)?

sudo apt-get install gftp

Kuidas paigaldada failijagamisutiliit (DC++)

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/linuxdcpp.tar.gz 
sudo tar zxvf linuxdcpp.tar.gz -C /opt
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/dcpp.desktop
  • Sisestage järgnevad read uute faili
[Desktop Entry]
Encoding=UTF-8
Name=DC++
Exec=/opt/linuxdcpp/dcpp
Terminal=false
Type=Application
StartupNotify=true
Icon=eyes.png
Categories=Application;Network;
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
  • Applications -> Internet -> DC++

Kuidas paigaldada P2P BitTorrent klient (Azureus)?

wget -c http://kent.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/azureus/Azureus_2.4.0.2_linux.tar.bz2
sudo tar jxvf Azureus_2.4.0.2_linux.tar.bz2 -C /opt
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/azureus.desktop
  • Sisestage järgnevad read uute faili
[Desktop Entry] 
Name=Azureus
Comment=A Bittorrent client
Exec=/opt/azureus/azureus
Icon=/opt/azureus/Azureus.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
  • Applications -> Internet -> Azureus

Kuidas paigaldada P2P eMule klient (aMule)?

sudo apt-get install amule

Kuidas paigaldada P2P Gnutella klient (LimeWire)?

wget -c http://www.users.on.net/~stubby/FrostWire-4.10.9-1.i586.deb
sudo dpkg -i FrostWire-4.10.9-1.i586.deb
  • Pakett ei käivitu väikse vea tõttu skriptis. Selle parandamine on ülilihtne.
sudo nano /usr/lib/frostwire/runFrost.sh
  • Vajutage järgnevaid klahvikombinatsioone
CTRL+O
ALT+D
Enter
CTRL+X
  • Applications -> Internet -> FrostWire

Kuidas paigaldada suhtlusprogramm (Skype)

wget -c http://download.skype.com/linux/skype_staticQT-1.2.0.18.tar.bz2
sudo tar jxvf skype_staticQT-1.2.0.18.tar.bz2 -C /opt/
sudo ln -s /opt/skype-1.2.0.18/skype /usr/bin/skype
sudo cp /opt/skype-1.2.0.18/skype.desktop /usr/share/applications/skype.desktop
sudo cp /opt/skype-1.2.0.18/icons/skype_32_32.png /usr/share/icons/hicolor/32x32/apps/skype.png
rm skype_staticQT-1.2.0.18.tar.bz2

Kuidas paigaldada WinPopup (LinPopUp)?

sudo apt-get install linpopup
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/linpopup.desktop
  • Sisestage järgnevad read uute faili
[Desktop Entry]
Name=LinPopUp
Comment=LinPopUp
Exec=linpopup
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/linpopup.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Utility;

Kuidas paigaldada multimeedia koodekid

sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-gl
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-base
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-good
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-bad-multiverse
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly
sudo apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly-multiverse

Kuidas paigaldada DVD taasesitamise võimalus

Stubby: gstreamer dvd plugin not ported to dapper yet. following instructions will not work properly 

sudo apt-get install libdvdcss2

Kuidas paigaldada multimeedia mängija (xine-ui)

sudo apt-get install xine-ui
  • Seadistame xine-ui mängima multimeedia faile
gconftool-2 --type string --set /desktop/gnome/volume_manager/autoplay_dvd_command "xine dvd://"
sudo rm -f /usr/share/applnk/Multimedia/xine.desktop
sudo ln -fs /usr/share/xine/desktop/xine.desktop /usr/share/applications/
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup
sudo sed -e 's/totem.desktop/xine.desktop/g' /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup > /tmp/defaults.list
sudo mv /tmp/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list

Kuidas paigaldada multimeedia mängija (Totem) Mozilla Firefoxi pluginaga

sudo apt-get install totem-gstreamer-firefox-plugin
  • Käivita Mozilla Firefox uuesti

Kuidas paigaldada multimeedia mängija (XMMS)

sudo apt-get install xmms
sudo apt-get install xmms-skins
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/xmms-wma_1.0.4-2_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i xmms-wma_1.0.4-2_i386.deb
  • Seadistame XMMS mängima MP3/M3U/WAV faile
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list_backup
sudo cp /usr/share/applications/defaults.list /tmp/defaults.list_tmp
sudo sed -e 's/audio\/mpeg=.*/audio\/mpeg=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.list_tmp > /tmp/defaults.mp3
sudo sed -e 's/audio\/x-mpegurl=.*/audio\/x-mpegurl=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.mp3 > /tmp/defaults.m3u
sudo sed -e 's/audio\/x-wav=.*/audio\/x-wav=XMMS.desktop/g' /tmp/defaults.m3u > /tmp/defaults.list
sudo mv /tmp/defaults.list /usr/share/applications/defaults.list
sudo rm -f /tmp/defaults.*

Kuidas paigaldada multimeedia mängija (amaroK)

sudo apt-get install amarok
  • Applications -> Sound & Video -> amaroK

Kuidas paigaldada multimeedia mängija (RealPlayer 10)

sudo apt-get install realplay
Tähelepanu: realplay' paigaldab RealPlayer 10-e PLF repositooriumist. 'realplayer paigaldab RealPlayer 8 multiverse repositooriumist.

Kuidas paigaldada vookataloogide sirvija (Stream Directory Browser) (streamtuner)

sudo apt-get install streamtuner
sudo apt-get install streamripper

Kuidas paigaldada muusika organiseeria (Cowbell)

sudo apt-get install cowbell
  • Applications -> Sound & Video -> Cowbell Music Organizer

Kuidas paigaldada ID3 siltide redaktor (EasyTAG)

sudo apt-get install easytag

Kuidas paigaldada videoredaktor (Kino)

sudo apt-get install kino
sudo apt-get install kinoplus
sudo apt-get install kino-timfx
sudo apt-get install kino-dvtitler

Kuidas paigaldada audioredaktor (Audacity)

sudo apt-get install audacity

Kuidas paigaldada DVD rippija (dvd::rip)

sudo apt-get install dvdrip
sudo apt-get install vcdimager
sudo apt-get install cdrdao
sudo apt-get install subtitleripper
sudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/rar-2.80
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/dvdrip.desktop
  • Sisestage järgnevad read uute faili
[Desktop Entry]
Name=dvd::rip 
Comment=dvd::rip
Exec=dvdrip
Icon=/usr/share/perl5/Video/DVDRip/icon.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;AudioVideo;

Kuidas paigaldada CD rippija (Goobox)

sudo apt-get install goobox
sudo rm -f /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktop
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktop
  • Sisestage järgnevad read uute faili
[Desktop Entry]
Name=CD Player & Ripper
Comment=Play and extract CDs
Exec=goobox
Icon=goobox.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;AudioVideo;

Kuidas paigaldada pildi programm (digiKam)

sudo apt-get install digikam
  • Applications -> Graphics -> digikam

Kuidas paigaldada e-posti klient (Mozilla Thunderbird)

sudo apt-get install mozilla-thunderbird

How to install Newsreader (Pan)

wget -c http://www.users.on.net/~stubby/pan_0.98_i386.deb
sudo apt-get install libgmime2.1
sudo apt-get install libpcre3
sudo dpkg -i pan_0.98_i386.deb

How to install RSS/RDF/Atom Newsreader (RSSOwl)

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin.tar.gz -C /opt/
sudo chown -R root:root /opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/
sudo gedit /usr/bin/runRSSOwl.sh
  • Sisestage järgnevad read uute faili
export MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME=/usr/lib/mozilla-firefox
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:${MOZILLA_FIVE_HOME}:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}
cd /opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/
./run.sh
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/runRSSOwl.sh
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/RSSOwl.desktop
  • Sisestage järgnevad read uute faili
[Desktop Entry]
Name=RSSOwl
Comment=RSSOwl
Exec=runRSSOwl.sh
Icon=/opt/rssowl_linux_1_1_3_bin/rssowl.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
  • Applications -> Internet -> RSSOwl

How to install Web Authoring System (Nvu)

sudo apt-get install nvu
sudo rm -f /usr/share/applications/nvu.desktop
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/nvu.desktop
  • Sisestage järgnevad read uute faili
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Nvu
Comment=Web Development Editor
Exec=nvu
Icon=nvu.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;

How to install Web Development Environment (quanta plus)

sudo apt-get install quanta
  • Applications -> Programming -> Quanta Plus

How to install Project Management Application (Planner)

sudo apt-get install planner

How to install Accounting Application (GnuCash)

sudo apt-get install gnucash
sudo rm -fr /usr/share/gnome/apps/Applications/
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/GnuCash.desktop
  • Sisestage järgnevad read uute faili
[Desktop Entry]
Name=GnuCash
Comment=GnuCash Personal Finance
Exec=gnucash
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/gnucash/gnucash-icon.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Office;

How to install Desktop Publishing Application (Scribus)

sudo apt-get install scribus

How to install Diagram Editor (Dia)

sudo apt-get install dia-gnome

How to install Compiled HTML Help (CHM) Viewer (xCHM)

sudo apt-get install xchm

How to install CD/DVD Burning Application (GnomeBaker)

sudo apt-get install gnomebaker

How to install CD/DVD Burning Application (K3b)

sudo apt-get install k3b
  • Applications -> Sound & Video -> K3b

How to install Dialup PPP Client (GNOME PPP)

sudo apt-get install gnome-ppp

How to install Broadband ADSL/PPPoE Client (RP-PPPoE)

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/rp-pppoe-3.6.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf rp-pppoe-3.6.tar.gz -C /opt/
sudo chown -R root:root /opt/rp-pppoe-3.6/
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/RP-PPPoE.desktop
  • Sisestage järgnevad read uute faili
[Desktop Entry]
Name=RP-PPPoE
Comment=RP-PPPoE
Exec=gksudo /opt/rp-pppoe-3.6/go-gui
Icon=
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Network;

Kuidas paigaldada buutimise haldur (BUM)

sudo apt-get install bum

How to install Partition Editor (GParted)

sudo apt-get install gparted

Kuidas paigaldada tulemüür (Firestarter)

sudo apt-get install firestarter

How to install network traffic analyzer (Ethereal)

sudo apt-get install ethereal
  • Applications -> Internet -> Ethereal

How to install Vulnerability Scanner (Nessus)

sudo apt-get install nessus
sudo apt-get install nessusd
sudo nessus-adduser
sudo ln -fs /etc/init.d/nessusd /etc/rc2.d/S20nessusd
sudo /etc/init.d/nessusd start
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nessus.desktop
  • Sisestage järgnevad read uute faili
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Nessus
Comment=Nessus
Exec=nessus
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/nessus.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;

Kuidas paigaldada RAR arhiveerija (rar)

sudo apt-get install rar
sudo ln -fs /usr/bin/rar /usr/bin/unrar
  • Applications -> Accessories -> Archive Manager

Kuidas paigaldada ekstra fonte

sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-arabic
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-asian
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-chinese
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-chinese-big
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-european
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-japanese
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-japanese-big
sudo apt-get install xfonts-intl-phonetic
sudo apt-get install gsfonts-x11
sudo apt-get install msttcorefonts
sudo fc-cache -f -v

How to install Chinese Input Method (SCIM)

sudo apt-get install scim
sudo apt-get install scim-chinese
sudo apt-get install scim-config-socket
sudo apt-get install scim-gtk2-immodule
sudo apt-get install scim-tables-zh
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/fireflysung-1.3.0.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf fireflysung-1.3.0.tar.gz -C /usr/share/fonts/truetype/
sudo chown -R root:root /usr/share/fonts/truetype/fireflysung-1.3.0/ 
sudo fc-cache -f -v
  • System -> Preferences -> SCIM Input Method Setup
  • To activate SCIM
Press 'Ctrl + Space'

How to install Desktop Applets (gDesklets)

sudo apt-get install gdesklets
sudo apt-get install gdesklets-data

How to install Basic Compilers (build-essential)

sudo apt-get install build-essential

How to install Integrated Development Environment (Anjuta)

sudo apt-get install anjuta
  • Applications -> Programming -> Anjuta IDE

How to install 3D modeling tool (Blender 3d)

sudo apt-get install blender
  • Applications -> Graphics -> Blender 3D modeller

Kuidas paigaldada mäng Tuxracer

sudo apt-get install planetpenguin-racer planetpenguin-racer-data planetpenguin-racer-extras
  • Applications -> Games -> planetpenguin-racer

Kuidas paigaldada mäng Frozen-Bubble

sudo apt-get install frozen-bubble
  • Applications -> Games -> Frozen-Bubble

Kuidas paigaldada mäng Scorched3D

sudo apt-get install scorched3d
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/scorched3d.desktop
  • Sisestage järgnevad read uute faili
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Scorched 3D
Comment=A 3D Remake Of Scorched Earth
Exec=scorched3d
Icon=
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Game;ArcadeGame;

How to install virtual planetarium (Stellarium)

sudo apt-get install stellarium
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/stellarium.desktop
  • Sisestage järgnevad read uute faili
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Stellarium
Comment=Virtual planetarium
Exec=stellarium
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;Education;
  • Applications -> Education -> Stellarium

How to install KDE Edutainment applications

sudo apt-get install kdeedu
  • Applications -> Education -> ...

Alternatiivsed töölauad

Kuidas paigaldada KDE'd?

sudo apt-get install kubuntu-desktop
Märkus: Paialdamine nõuab ~400 mb lisa ruumi kõvakettal
  • System -> Log Out -> Log Out
  • KDE'sse sisse logimiseks kliki Sessions ja vali KDE

Kuidas paigaldada XFCE'd?

sudo apt-get install xubuntu-desktop
  • System -> Log Out -> Log Out
  • XFCE'sse sisse logimiseks kliki Sessions ja vali XFCE

Eye Candy

Kuidas paigaldada Xgl/Compiz (Nvidia)

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • Leidke see sektsioon
Section "Module"
	Load	"i2c"
	Load	"bitmap"
	...
	Load	"type1"
	Load	"vbe"
EndSection
  • Kommenteerige välja dri and GLcore
#	Load	"dri"
#	Load	"GLcore"
  • Veenduge, et glx moodul saaks laetud
	Load	"glx"
  • Otsige üles "Device" sektsioon
Section "Device"
	Identifier	"NVIDIA Corporation NV34M [GeForce FX Go5200]"
	Driver		"nv"
	BusID		"PCI:1:0:0"
EndSection
  • Asendage see järgneva reagas, jättes Identifier ja BusID muutmata
Section "Device"
	...
	Driver		"nvidia"
	...
	Option		"RenderAccel"		"true"
	Option		"AllowGLXWithComposite" "true"
EndSection
  • Otsige üles "Screen" sektsioon
Section "Screen"
	Identifier	"Default Screen"
	Device		"NVIDIA Corporation NV34M [GeForce FX Go5200]"
	Monitor		"Generic Monitor"
	DefaultDepth	16
  • Veenduge, et "DefaultDepth" oleks 24. Kui pole veel, siis viige vajalik muudatus sisse
	DefaultDepth	24
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
  • Pigaldage Xgl/Compiz
sudo apt-get install compiz xserver-xgl libgl1-mesa xserver-xorg libglitz-glx1 compiz-gnome
sudo cp /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom-backup
sudo gedit /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom
  • Asendage kõik järgnevaga
# GDM Configuration Customization file.
#
# This file is the appropriate place for specifying your customizations to the
# GDM configuration.   If you run gdmsetup, it will automatically edit this
# file for you and will cause the daemon and any running GDM GUI programs to
# automatically update with the new configuration.  Not all configuration
# options are supported by gdmsetup, so to modify some values it may be
# necessary to modify this file directly by hand.
# 
# To hand-edit this file, simply add or modify the key=value combination in
# the appropriate section in the template below.  Refer to the comments in the
# gdm.conf file for information about each option.  Also refer to the reference
# documentation.
# 
# If you hand edit a GDM configuration file, you should run the following
# command to get the GDM daemon to notice the change.  Any running GDM GUI
# programs will also be notified to update with the new configuration.
#
# gdmflexiserver --command="UPDATE_CONFIG <configuration key>"
#
# For example, the "Enable" key in the "[debug]" section would be specified by
# "debug/Enable".
#
# You can also run gdm-restart or gdm-safe-restart to cause GDM to restart and
# re-read the new configuration settings.  You can also restart GDM by sending
# a HUP or USR1 signal to the daemon.  HUP behaves like gdm-restart and causes
# any user session started by GDM to exit immediately while USR1 behaves like
# gdm-safe-restart and will wait until all users log out before restarting GDM.
# 
# For full reference documentation see the gnome help browser under
# GNOME|System category.  You can also find the docs in HTML form on
# http://www.gnome.org/projects/gdm/
# 
# NOTE: Lines that begin with "#" are considered comments.
# 
# Have fun!

[daemon]

[security]

[xdmcp]

[gui]

[greeter]

[chooser]

[debug]

[servers]# Override display 1 to use Xgl
0=Xgl 

[server-Xgl] 
name=Xgl server 
command=/usr/bin/Xgl :0 -fullscreen -ac -accel glx:pbuffer -accel xv:fbo 
flexible=true
  • Looge skript, mis käivitab Xgl/Compiz sisselogimisel
sudo gedit /usr/bin/thefuture
  • Kopeerige sinna järgnevad read
#!/bin/bash
gnome-window-decorator &  compiz --replace gconf decoration wobbly fade minimize cube rotate zoom scale move resize place switcher &
xmodmap /usr/share/xmodmap/xmodmap.ee
  • Salvestage fail
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/thefuture
  • Compiz'i koheseks käivitamiseks trükkige terminali aknasse
thefuture
  • Et Compiz käivituks sisse logimisel, valige menüüst
    • System -> Preferences -> Sessions
    • Startup Programs -> Add
/usr/bin/thefuture
  • Tips
    • Switch windows = Alt + Tab
    • Arrange and View All Windows = F12 turns on or off; clicking a window will zoom it to the front
    • Switch desktops on cube = Ctrl + Alt + Left/Right Arrow
    • Switch desktops on cube - with active window following = Ctrl + Shift + Alt + Left/Right Arrow
    • Rotate cube manually = Ctrl + Alt + left-click
    • Make window translucent/opaque = currently only possible with the "transset" utility
    • Zoom-in once = Super-key right-click
    • Zoom-in manually = Super-key + wheel mouse up
    • Zoom-out manually = Super-key + wheel mouse down
    • Move window = Alt + left-click
    • Snap Move window (will stick to borders) = Ctrl + Alt + left-click
    • Resize window = Alt + right-click

Commercial Applications

How to install Windows 9X/ME/2000/XP (Win4Lin)

How to install Windows Applications (CrossOver Office)

How to install Windows Games (Cedega)

User Administration

How to set/change/enable root user password

sudo passwd root

How to disable root user account

sudo passwd -l root

How to allow root user to login into GNOME

Security Tab -> Security -> Allow root to login with GDM (Checked)

How to switch to root user in Console mode

sudo -s -H
Password: <specify user password>

How to add/edit/delete system users

Users Tab -> Add User.../Properties/Delete
or
sudo useradd jim
sudo userdel jim
  • For more info read
man usermod

Kuidas lisada/muuta/kustutada süsteemi gruppe

Groups Tab -> Add Group.../Properties/Delete

Kuidas automaatselt GNOME-sse sisse logida (ei ole turvaline)

Security -> Automatic Login ->
Login a user automatically on first bootup (Checked)
Automatic login username: Select "system_username"


How to allow more sudoers

export EDITOR=gedit && sudo visudo
  • Lisage järgnev rida faili lõppu
system_username	ALL=(ALL) ALL
  • Salvestage muudetud fail

How to use "sudo" without prompt for password (not secure)

export EDITOR=gedit && sudo visudo
  • Leidke see rida
...
system_username	ALL=(ALL) ALL
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reaga
system_username	ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL
  • Salvestage muudetud fail

How to explicitly destroy the "sudo" session

sudo -K

Kuidas muuta failide/kaustade õiguseid

Paremklikk failil/kaustal -> Properties

Permissions Tab -> Read/Write/Execute (Checked the permissions for Owner/Group/Others)

How to change files/folders ownership

sudo chown system_username /location_of_files_or_folders

How to change files/folders group ownership

sudo chgrp system_groupname /location_of_files_or_folders

Hardware

Kuidas paigaldada graafikadraiver (NVIDIA)

sudo apt-get install nvidia-glx nvidia-kernel-common


How to disable NVIDIA graphics logo on GNOME startup

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • Leidke see sektsioon
...
Section "Device"
	Identifier	"NVIDIA Corporation NV11 [GeForce2 MX/MX 400]"
	Driver		"nvidia"
	BusID		"PCI:1:0:0"
...
  • Sisestage järgnev rida tema alla
   Option		"NoLogo"

How to install Graphics Driver (ATI)

How to identify Modem chipset

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/scanModem.gz
gunzip -c scanModem.gz > scanModem
chmod +x scanModem
sudo cp scanModem /usr/bin/
  • To identify Modem chipset
sudo scanModem
gedit Modem/ModemData.txt

How to install Modem Driver (SmartLink)

uname -r (must be 2.6.10-5-386)
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/sl-modem-modules-2.6.10-5-386_2.9.9a-1ubuntu2+2.6.10-34_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i sl-modem-modules-*.deb
sudo apt-get install sl-modem-daemon

How to configure PalmOS Devices

sudo gedit /etc/udev/rules.d/10-custom.rules
  • Sisestage järgnevad read faili
BUS="usb", SYSFS{product}="Palm Handheld*", KERNEL="ttyUSB*", NAME{ignore_remove}="pilot", MODE="666"
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
  • System -> Preferences -> PalmOS Devices
  • Järgige ekraanil ilmuvaid juhiseid

Kuidas kuvada partitsioonitabeleid

sudo fdisk -l
  • You can also use System -> Administration -> Disks

How to list filesystem disk space usage

df -T -h
  • You can also use System -> Administration -> Disks

How to list mounted devices

mount

How to list PCI devices

lspci

How to list USB devices

lsusb

How to speed up CD/DVD-ROM

e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM
sudo hdparm -d1 /dev/cdrom
sudo cp /etc/hdparm.conf /etc/hdparm.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/hdparm.conf
  • Lisage järgnevad read faili lõppu
/dev/cdrom {
    dma = on
}
  • Salvestage muudetud fail

How to mount/unmount CD/DVD-ROM manually, and show all hidden and associated files/folders

e.g. Assumed that /media/cdrom0/ is the location of CD/DVD-ROM
  • To mount CD/DVD-ROM
sudo mount /media/cdrom0/ -o unhide
  • To unmount CD/DVD-ROM
sudo umount /media/cdrom0/

How to forcefully unmount CD/DVD-ROM manually

e.g. Assumed that /media/cdrom0/ is the location of CD/DVD-ROM
sudo umount /media/cdrom0/ -l

How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting

sudo mount -a


CD/DVD Burning

How to blank CD-RW/DVD-RW

e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM
sudo umount /dev/cdrom
cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast

How to burn files/folders into CD/DVD

nautilus burn:///
  • File Browser: CD/DVD Creator
  • Drag files/folders into window
File Menu -> Write to Disc... -> Write

How to burn Image (ISO) files into CD/DVD

Right click on Image (ISO) file -> Write to Disc... -> Write

How to duplicate CD/DVD

How to create Image (ISO) files from CD/DVD

e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM
sudo umount /dev/cdrom
dd if=/dev/cdrom of=file.iso bs=1024

How to create Image (ISO) files from folders

mkisofs -o file.iso /location_of_folder/

Kuidas luua MD5 kontrollsummade faile

md5sum file.iso > file.iso.md5

Kuidas kontrollida MD5 kontrollsummade faile

oletame, et iso fail ja md5 fail on samas kataloogisr
md5sum -c file.iso.md5

Kuidas ühendada/lahutada ISO tõmmisefaile ilma plaadile kirjutamata

sudo mkdir /media/iso
sudo modprobe loop
sudo mount file.iso /media/iso/ -t iso9660 -o loop
  • To unmount Image (ISO) file
sudo umount /media/iso/

Kuidas seada/muuta CD/DVD kirjutaja salvestuskiirust

  • Lugege #Üldised Märkused
  • Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
  • Configuration Editor
/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> default_speed (set/change the burn speed)

Kuidas lubada CD/DVD kirjutaja 'burnproof' seade

  • Lugege #Üldised Märkused
  • Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
  • Configuration Editor
/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> burnproof (Checked)

Kuidas lubada CD/DVD ülekirjutamine (overburn)

  • Lugege #Üldised Märkused
  • Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
  • Configuration Editor
/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> overburn (Checked)

Networking

Kuidas seadistada Google Talki

Kuidas käivitada/seisata võrguühendusi

Connections Tab -> Select "Ethernet connection" -> Activate/Deactivate

Kuidas seadistada võrguühendusi

Connections Tab -> Select "Ethernet connection" -> Properties
Connection -> Enable this connection (Checked)
Connection Settings -> Configuration: Select "DHCP/Static IP address"

DNS Tab -> DNS Servers -> Add/Delete

Kuidas seadistada dialup (sissehelistamine) ühendusi

sudo pppconfig
  • To connect dialup
sudo pon provider_name
  • To disconnect dialup
sudo poff

How to configure broadband connections

sudo pppoeconf

Kuidas muuta arvuti nime

General Tab -> Host Settings -> Hostname: Specify the computer name
  • Salvestage ja sulgege kõik avatud rakendused, Taaskäivitage arvuti

Kuidas muuta arvuti kirjeldust

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Leidke see rida
...
  server string = %h server (Samba, Ubuntu)
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reaga
  server string = new_computer_descriptions
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

Kuidas muuta arvuti domeeni/töögruppi

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Leidke see rida
...
  workgroup = MSHOME
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reaga
  workgroup = new_domain_or_workgroup
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

How to assign Hostname to local machine with dynamic IP using free DynDNS service

sudo apt-get install ipcheck
sudo gedit /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh
  • Sisestage järgnevad read uute faili
 #!/bin/sh

 USERNAME=myusername
 PASSWORD=mypassword
 HOSTNAME=myhostname.dyndns.org

 cd /root/
 if [ -f /root/ipcheck.dat ]; then
  ipcheck -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME
 else
  ipcheck --makedat -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME
 fi
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo chmod 700 /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh
sudo sh /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update.sh

How to share folders the easy way

Right click on folder -> Share folder

Shared folder -> Share with: Select "SMB"
Share properties -> Name: Specify the share name

How to browse network computers

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
If computers or network folders could not be found, try access them directly
Lugege #How to access network folders without mounting
  • Places -> Network Servers

How to access network folders without mounting

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Shared folder's name: linux
  • Applications -> Run Application... Edit by firingstone:It seems this cannot be done in dapper,no such menu
  • Run Application
smb://192.168.0.1/linux

How to mount/unmount network folders manually, and allow all users to read

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename
  • To mount network folder
sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword
  • To unmount network folder
sudo umount /media/sharename/

How to mount/unmount network folders manually, and allow all users to read/write

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename
  • To mount network folder
sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword,dmask=777,fmask=777
  • To unmount network folder
sudo umount /media/sharename/

How to mount network folders on boot-up, and allow all users to read

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename
sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials
  • Sisestage järgnevad read uute faili
username=myusername
password=mypassword
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Lisage järgnev rida faili lõppu
//192.168.0.1/linux    /media/sharename smbfs  credentials=/root/.smbcredentials    0    0

How to mount network folders on boot-up, and allow all users to read/write

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename
sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials
  • Sisestage järgnevad read uute faili
username=myusername
password=mypassword
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Lisage järgnev rida faili lõppu
//192.168.0.1/linux    /media/sharename smbfs  credentials=/root/.smbcredentials,dmask=777,fmask=777  0    0

How to get ipw2200 and wpa to work

How to Configure and start PPTP tunnels (VPN)

OR
  • Install manually
wget -c http://linux.edu.lv/uploads/content/pptp.tar.gz
tar zxvf pptp.tar.gz
sudo sh ./pptp/install
  • To configure PPTP Client
sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/pptpconfig.desktop
  • Replace content of this file with the following lines
[Desktop Entry]
Name=PPTP Client
Comment=Configure and start PPTP tunnels (VPN)
Categories=Application;Network
Encoding=UTF-8
Exec=gksudo pptpconfig
Icon=gnome-remote-desktop.png
StartupNotify=true
Terminal=false
Type=Application
  • The above lines change the default file in three ways: the application is placed in the Application/Internet category, gksudo will make the application run as superuser and we put a nice icon that appears in the menu.
  • Start the client with Applications -> Internet -> PPTP Client

How to configure Network-manager with WPA 1 and 2 support

Remote Desktop

Kuidas häälestada kaugtöölauda (ebaturvaline)

Warning! Remote Desktop will only work if there's a GNOME login session
Leaving computer with an unattended GNOME login session is not secure
Use (System -> Lock Screen) and switch off the monitor when computer is left unattended
  • System -> Preferences -> Remote Desktop
  • Remote Desktop Preferences
Sharing ->
Allow other users to view your desktop (Checked)
Allow other users to control your desktop (Checked)

Security ->
Ask you for confirmation (Un-Checked)
Require the user to enter this password: (Checked)
Password: Specify the password

How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop
Lugege #Kuidas häälestada kaugtöölauda (ebaturvaline)
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
vncviewer -fullscreen 192.168.0.1:0
  • To quit vncviewer
Press 'F8' -> Quit viewer

How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop via Windows machine

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop
Lugege #Kuidas häälestada kaugtöölauda (ebaturvaline)
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
  • Download VNC Viewer: Here


Windows

How to mount/unmount Windows partitions (NTFS) manually, and allow all users to read only


e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)
Local mount folder: /media/windows
  • To mount Windows partition
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t ntfs -o nls=utf8,umask=0222
  • To unmount Windows partition
sudo umount /media/windows/

How to mount/unmount Windows partitions (FAT) manually, and allow all users to read/write

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (FAT)
Local mount folder: /media/windows
  • To mount Windows partition
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t vfat -o iocharset=utf8,umask=000
  • To unmount Windows partition
sudo umount /media/windows/

How to mount Windows partitions (NTFS) on boot-up, and allow all users to read only

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (NTFS)
Local mount folder: /media/windows
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Lisage järgnev rida faili lõppu
/dev/hda1    /media/windows ntfs  nls=utf8,umask=0222 0    0

How to mount Windows partitions (FAT) on boot-up, and allow all users to read/write

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (FAT)
Local mount folder: /media/windows
sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/fstab
  • Lisage järgnev rida faili lõppu
/dev/hda1    /media/windows vfat  iocharset=utf8,umask=000  0    0

Security

What are the basic things I need to know about securing my Ubuntu

  • Lugege #Üldised Märkused
  • Ensure hard drive is first in BIOS boot-up sequence
    • To prevent trespassers from using Linux Installation CD which allows them to gain root user access
    • To prevent trespassers from using Linux Live CD (e.g. UBUNTU/KNOPPIX/MEPIS) which allows them to destroy/browse/share the entire hard drive
    • To prevent trespassers from installing another Operating System
  • Ensure a password is set for BIOS
    • To prevent trespassers from changing the BIOS boot-up sequence
  • Ensure computer is located at a secured place
    • To prevent trespassers from removing computer's hard drive which allows them to destroy/browse/share the entire hard drive from a different computer
    • To prevent trespassers from removing computer's on-board battery which resets the BIOS password
  • Ensure passwords used on the system cannot be easily guessed
    • To prevent trespassers from cracking password file using brute force attacks (e.g. John the Ripper)
    • Create password with minimum length of 8 characters
    • Create password with mixture of characters/numbers, and upper/lower case
  • Ensure interactive editing control for GRUB menu is disabled
  • Ensure history listing is disabled in Console mode
  • Ensure Ctrl+Alt+Del is disabled in Console mode
  • Ensure interactive option is set for remove, copy and move of files/folders in Console mode
  • For day to day usage, login as a normal user
  • Disable root user account, use "sudo" instead
    • To reduce the amount of time spent with root privileges, and thus the risk of inadvertently executing a command as root
    • "sudo" provides a more useful audit trail (/var/log/auth.log)
    • Lugege #How to disable root user account
  • Install a Firewall
  • Perform vulnerability test

How to disable all interactive editing control for GRUB menu

grub

grub> md5crypt
Password: ****** (ubuntu)
Encrypted: $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password)
grub> quit

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Leidke see sektsioon
...
## password ['--md5'] passwd
# If used in the first section of a menu file, disable all interactive editing
# control (menu entry editor and command-line) and entries protected by the
# command 'lock'
# e.g. password topsecret
#   password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/
# password topsecret
...
  • Sisestage järgnev rida tema alla
password --md5 $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password above)
  • Leidke see sektsioon
...
title		Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
root		(hd0,1)
kernel		/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro single
initrd		/boot/initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386
savedefault
boot
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reagas
#title		Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
#root		(hd0,1)
#kernel		/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro single
#initrd		/boot/initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386
#savedefault
#boot
  • Salvestage muudetud fail

How to disable history listing in Console mode

rm -f $HOME/.bash_history
touch $HOME/.bash_history
chmod 000 $HOME/.bash_history

How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Del from restarting computer in Console mode

sudo cp /etc/inittab /etc/inittab_backup
sudo gedit /etc/inittab
  • Leidke see rida
...
ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reaga
#ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo telinit q

How to enable prompt before removal/overwritten of files/folders in Console mode

sudo cp /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc_backup
sudo gedit /etc/bash.bashrc
  • Lisage järgnevad read faili lõppu
alias rm='rm -i'
alias cp='cp -i'
alias mv='mv -i'
  • Salvestage muudetud fail


Päästereziim

Kuidas saada juurkasutaja õigusi ilma sisse logimata

  1. Algkäivita arvuti
  2. Kui GRUB-i menüü on peidetud, vajuta selle kuvamiseks 'Esc'
  3. Vali
Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
  • Algkäivitamiseks vajuta 'Enter'

Kuidas muuta kerneli algkäivitusargumente, et saada juurkasutaja õigusi

  • Lugege #Üldised Märkused
  • Buutige arvuti üles
  • Juhul, kui GRUB menüü on peidetud, vajutage 'Esc' , et siseneda GRUB-i menüüsse
  • Juhul, kui GRUB-i parool on määratud, vajutage 'p', et avada GRUB-i menüü
  • Valige
Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386

(või siis muud kernel)

  • Vajutage 'e', et muuta käske enne buutimist
  • Valige
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash

(või Teie valitud Kernel)

  • Vajutage 'e', et muuta valitud käske bootimisel
  • Lisage "rw init=/bin/bash" buutimiskäskude argumentide lõppu
grub edit> kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash rw init=/bin/bash
  • Vajutage 'b' buutimiseks

Kuidas kasutada Ubuntu paigaldus-CD'd, et saada juurkasutaja õigusi

  • Lugege #Üldised Märkused
  • Buutige arvuti üles Ubuntu Installation CD-ga
  • "boot:" dialoogi juures lisage argument "rescue"
boot: rescue
  • Järgige ekraanil ilmuvaid juhiseid

Kuidas muuta juurkasutaja/peakasutaja ununenud parooli

# passwd root
  • peakasutaja parooli muutmiseks
# passwd system_main_username

Kuidas muuta GRUB-i parooli ununemise korral

grub

grub> md5crypt
Password: ****** (ubuntu)
Encrypted: $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password)
grub> quit

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Leidke see rida
...
password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reaga
password --md5 $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password above)
  • Salvestage muudetud fail

How to restore GRUB menu after Windows installation

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda is the location of /boot partition
# grub-install /dev/hda

Kuidas lisada Windows GRUB-i menüüsse

e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Lisage järgnevad read faili lõppu
title		Microsoft Windows
root		(hd0,0)
savedefault
makeactive
chainloader	+1
  • Salvestage muudetud fail

How to read Linux partitions (ext2, ext3) in Windows machine

OR

Tips & Tricks

Kuidas restartida GNOME ilma arvutit taaskäivitamata

Press 'Ctrl + Alt + Backspace'
or
sudo /etc/init.d/gdm restart

How to turn on Num Lock on GNOME startup

sudo apt-get install numlockx
sudo cp /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default_backup
sudo gedit /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default
  • Leidke see rida
...
exit 0
  • Add the following lines above it
if [ -x /usr/bin/numlockx ]; then
 /usr/bin/numlockx on
fi

How to run programs on startup when login into GNOME

Startup Programs Tab -> Add/Edit/Delete

How to switch to Console mode in GNOME

Press 'Ctrl + Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)
  • To switch between consles in Console mode
Press 'Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)
  • To switch back to GNOME mode
Press 'Alt + F7'

How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Backspace from restarting X in GNOME

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf
  • Lisage järgnevad read faili lõppu
Section "ServerFlags"
	Option		"DontZap"		"yes"
EndSection

How to enable Ctrl+Alt+Del to open System Monitor in GNOME

gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/global_keybindings/run_command_9 "<Control><Alt>Delete"
gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/keybinding_commands/command_9 "gnome-system-monitor"

Kuidas värskendada GNOME desktopi

killall nautilus

Kuidas värskendada GNOME paneeli

killall gnome-panel


How to enable autosave in Gedit and disable creation of some_file~ files

  • Lugege #Üldised Märkused
  • Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
  • Configuration Editor
/ -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> create_backup_copy (Unchecked)
/ -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> auto_save (Checked)

How to show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus

  • Lugege #Üldised Märkused
  • Places -> Home Folder
  • To temporary show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus
Press 'Ctrl + H'
  • To permanently show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus
Edit Menu -> Preferences

Views Tab -> Default View -> Show hidden and backup files (Checked)

How to browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus

sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nautilus-root.desktop
    • Sisestage järgnevad read uute faili
[Desktop Entry]
Name=File Browser (Root)
Comment=Browse the filesystem with the file manager
Exec=gksudo "nautilus --browser %U"
Icon=file-manager
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;
  • To browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus
    • Applications -> System Tools -> File Browser (Root)

How to show Desktop Icons (Computer, Home, Trash)

Not for dapper---firingstone

  • Lugege #Üldised Märkused
  • Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
  • Configuration Editor
/ -> apps -> nautilus -> desktop ->
computer_icon_visible (Checked)
home_icon_visible (Checked)
trash_icon_visible (Checked)

How to change default file type "Open with" program

Right click on file -> Properties

Open With Tab -> Add
Select "Open with" program

Select "Open with" program (Checked)

Kuidas muuta vaikimisi meiliprogramm Mozilla Thunderbirdiks

Mail Reader Tab -> Default Mail Reader -> Command: mozilla-thunderbird %s

Kuidas avada faile root kasutaja õigustes parema hiirekliki abil

gedit $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root
  • Sisestage järgnevad read uute faili
for uri in $NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_URIS; do
	gnome-sudo "gnome-open $uri" &
done
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
chmod +x $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root


Right click on file -> Scripts -> Open as root

How to disable beep sound in Terminal mode

Not for Dapper---- firingstone 

Edit Menu -> Current Profile...

General Tab -> General -> Terminal bell (Un-Checked)

Kuidas laadida veebilehti kiiremini Mozilla Firefoxis

Address Bar -> about:config

Filter: ->
network.dns.disableIPv6 -> true
network.http.pipelining -> true
network.http.pipelining.maxrequests -> 8
network.http.proxy.pipelining -> true
  • Käivita Mozilla Firefox uuesti

How to disable beep sound for link find function in Mozilla Firefox

Address Bar -> about:config

Filter: -> accessibility.typeaheadfind.enablesound -> false
  • Käivita Mozilla Firefox uuesti


How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic)

  • Lugege #Üldised Märkused
  • System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager
  • To enable the extra Universe and Multiverse repositories
    1. Settings -> Repositories
    2. In the Installation Media tab, click Add. There are three separate repositories; Dapper Drake, Security Updates and Updates. Select each repository and check Officially supported, Restricted copyright, Community maintained (Universe) and Non-free (Multiverse). Ensure you click OK between each repository to save your changes
    3. You should now see those three repositories under Channels. Make sure Officially supported, Restricted copyright, Community maintained (Universe) and Non-free (Multiverse) appears under each repository
  • To add backports and PLF (new versions of many applications. Unsupported. May contain illegal packages. Use at own risk.)
    1. Settings -> Repositories
    2. Click on Add and then Custom
    3. Paste the following four lines into the box and click Add Repository, one line at a time:
deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf breezy free non-free
deb-src http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf breezy free non-free
  • To refresh the list of known packages (equivalent to apt-get update)
Edit Menu -> Reload Package Information
  • To install all possible upgrades (equivalent to apt-get upgrade)
Edit Menu -> Mark All Upgrades... -> Default Upgrade
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
  • To search for a package (equivalent to apt-cache search package_name)
Edit Menu -> Search... Specify the package name
  • To install the selected package (equivalent to apt-get install package_name)
Select "package_name"
Package Menu -> Mark for Installation
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
  • To remove installed package (equivalent to apt-get remove package_name)
Select "package_name"
Package Menu -> Mark for Removal
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes

What packages do the extra repositories provide

  • The PLF repository provides
    1. DVD playback support (libdvdcss2)
    2. Skype
    3. Sun Java SDK (Software Development Kit) and JRE (Java Runtime Environment)
    4. Opera Web browser
    5. RealPlayer 10
    6. Win32 binary multimedia codecs

How to install/uninstall .deb files

sudo dpkg -i package_file.deb
  • To uninstall .deb file
sudo dpkg -r package_name

How to convert .rpm files to .deb files

sudo alien package_file.rpm

How to rename all files in directory at once

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/mvb_1.6.tgz
sudo tar zxvf mvb_1.6.tgz -C /usr/share/
sudo chown -R root:root /usr/share/mvb_1.6/
sudo ln -fs /usr/share/mvb_1.6/mvb /usr/bin/mvb
  • To rename all files in directory at once
mvb NEW_NAME

How to manipulate all image files in directory at once

sudo apt-get install imagemagick
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/bbips.0.3.2.sh
sudo cp bbips.0.3.2.sh /usr/bin/bbips
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/bbips
  • To manipulate all image files in directory at once
bbips

How to set System-wide Environment Variables

sudo cp /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc_backup
sudo gedit /etc/bash.bashrc
  • Append the System-wide Environment Variables at the end of file
  • Salvestage muudetud fail

How to save "man" outputs into files

man command | col -b > file.txt

How to hide GRUB menu on boot-up

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Leidke see rida
...
#hiddenmenu
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reaga
hiddenmenu
  • Salvestage muudetud fail

How to change the timeout seconds for GRUB menu on boot-up

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Leidke see rida
...
timeout     3
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reaga
timeout     X_seconds
  • Salvestage muudetud fail

How to change default Operating System boot-up for GRUB menu

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Leidke see rida
...
default     0
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reaga
default     X_sequence
  • Salvestage muudetud fail

How to display Splash Image for GRUB menu on boot-up

e.g. Assumed that hd0,1 is the location of Ubuntu boot partition
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/ubuntu.xpm.gz
chmod 644 ubuntu.xpm.gz
sudo mkdir /boot/grub/images
sudo cp ubuntu.xpm.gz /boot/grub/images/
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
  • Leidke see sektsioon
# menu.lst - See: grub(8), info grub, update-grub(8)
#      grub-install(8), grub-floppy(8),
#      grub-md5-crypt, /usr/share/doc/grub
#      and /usr/share/doc/grub-doc/.
...
  • Sisestage järgnev rida tema alla
splashimage (hd0,1)/boot/grub/images/ubuntu.xpm.gz
  • Salvestage muudetud fail

How to convert Wallpaper to Splash Image for GRUB menu

e.g. Assumed that wallpaper.png is the Wallpaper to be converted to Splash Image
splashimage.xpm.gz is the Splash Image for GRUB menu
convert -resize 640x480 -colors 14 wallpaper.png splashimage.xpm && gzip splashimage.xpm

How to temporary skip boot-up services

Press 'Ctrl + C'

Kuidas lõplikult eemaldada/lisada arvuti käivitamisel laaditavaid teenuseid

How to clean /tmp/ folder contents on shutdown

sudo cp /etc/init.d/sysklogd /etc/init.d/sysklogd_backup
sudo gedit /etc/init.d/sysklogd
  • Leidke see sektsioon
...
 stop)
  log_begin_msg "Stopping system log daemon..."
  start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --exec $binpath --pidfile $pidfile
  log_end_msg $?
...
  • Sisestage järgnev rida tema alla
  rm -fr /tmp/* /tmp/.??*
  • Salvestage muudetud fail

How to scroll up and down to view previous outputs in Console mode

Press 'Shift + Page Up'
  • To scroll down to view previously outputs
Press 'Shift + Page Down'

Kuidas teada saada, mis versiooni Ubuntust ma kasutan

cat /etc/issue

How to set up automatic background change (GNOME)

mkdir ~/.backgrounds
cd ~/.backgrounds
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/change_background.py
chmod +x change_background.py
  • To change desktop background every time you reboot your computer
export EDITOR=gedit && crontab -e
  • Add the following line at the end of file
@reboot ~/.backgrounds/change_background.py
For more information about periodic processes see
man 5 crontab

How to set up automatic background change (KDE)

  • Go to K-menu -> System Settings -> Desktop -> Background
  • Choose Slide Show
  • Press Setup...
  • Press Add... to add pictures you wish to see as desktop background
  • Set 'Change picture after' to desired picture rotation interval.
  • Press 'OK'


How to add keyboard layouts for other languages

  • Go to System -> Preferences -> Keyboard
  • Choose Layouts
  • Press Add... to add the secondary keyboard layout. It is simpler to have two layouts; the maximum is currently four for Xorg.
  • Choose Layout Options
  • Expand option Group Shift/Lock behaviour
  • Choose the key combination that enables you to switch between keyboard layouts. The default is by pressing both Alt keys at the same time. A common alternative is to use Alt+Shift.
  • Press Close.

See #How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet to add the Keyboard Indicator applet.


How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet

  • Right-click on empty space on the top panel so that you see the pop-up menu.
  • Click Add to Panel...
  • Choose Keyboard Indicator (it is under the Utilities section, at the end)

The Keyboard Indicator applet appears on the panel. The default language should be USA for U.S. English. You can either right-click on this applet for more options or see above on how to configure.


How to type extended characters

  • Add the keyboard layout US English International (with dead keys)
  • Make US English International (with dead keys) the default keyboard layout.

The key marked ['"] is now a dead key. When you press it, nothing happens. However if you press a consonant immediately afterwards, the consonant appears with an accent.

  • ' + a = á
  • ' + e = é
  • and so on for i-í, o-ó, y-ý, c-ć, z-ź, n-ń, l-ĺ, u-ú, r-ŕ
  • " + a = ä
  • " + e = ë
  • and so on for y-ÿ, u-ü, i-ï, o-ö

Similarly, ` and a consonant generates à, è, ù, ì, ò. Similarly, ~ and a consonant generates ã, ũ, ĩ, õ, ñ.

To type ' and ", press RightAlt+' and RightAlt+" respectively. To type ' and ", you may also press '+<space> and "+<space> respectively.

There are more characters available by keeping RightAlt pressed and typing a character. Therefore,

  • RightAlt+q = ä
  • RightAlt+w = å
  • RightAlt+e = é
  • RightAlt+r = ®
  • RightAlt+t = þ
  • RightAlt+y = ü
  • RightAlt+u = ú
  • RightAlt+i = í
  • RightAlt+o = ó
  • RightAlt+p = ö
  • RightAlt+[ and ] for « and » respectively.
  • RightAlt+a = á
  • RightAlt+s = ß
  • RightAlt+d = ð
  • RightAlt+l = ø
  • RightAlt+; = ¶
  • RightAlt+: = °
  • RightAlt+z = æ
  • RightAlt+c = ©
  • RightAlt+n = ñ
  • RightAlt+m = µ
  • RightAlt+, = ç
  • RightAlt+/ = ¿
  • RightAlt+1 = ¡
  • RightAlt+2 = ²
  • RightAlt+3 = ³
  • RightAlt+4 = ¤
  • RightAlt+5 = €
  • RightAlt+6 = ¼
  • RightAlt+7 = ½
  • RightAlt+8 = ¾
  • RightAlt+9 = ‘
  • RightAlt+0 = ’
  • RightAlt+- = ¥
  • RightAlt+= = ×
  • RightAlt+! = ¹
  • RightAlt+@, then o = ő (and Ő).
  • RightAlt+#, then a = ā (and Ā). Similarly for ēĒ, ūŪ, īĪ, ōŌ.
  • RightAlt+$ = £
  • RightAlt+% =
  • RightAlt+^ =
  • RightAlt+& =
  • RightAlt+*, then a = ą (and Ą). Similarly for ęĘ, įĮ.
  • RightAlt+(, then a = ă (and Ă)
  • RightAlt+(, then g = ğ (and Ğ)
  • RightAlt+), then a = å (and Å)
  • RightAlt+_ =
  • RightAlt++ = ÷

Servers

AntiVirus Server

Kuidas paigaldada ClamAV AntiVirus server

sudo apt-get install clamav

How to manually update virus databases

sudo freshclam

Kuidas manuaalselt kontrollida faile/kaustu viiruste suhtes

sudo clamscan -r /location_of_files_or_folders

Kuidas automaatselt kontrollida faile/kaustu viiruste suhtes

e.g. Automatically scan files/folders for viruses at midnight everyday
* * * * * means minute hour date month year
export EDITOR=gedit &&  sudo crontab -e
  • Lisage järgnev rida faili lõppu
00 00 * * *  sudo clamscan -r /location_of_files_or_folders
  • Salvestage muudetud fail

Samba Server

Kuidas paigaldada Samba Server failide/kaustade jagamise võimaldamiseks?

sudo apt-get install samba
sudo apt-get install smbfs

Kuidas lisada/muuta/eemaldada võrgukasutajaid

sudo smbpasswd -a system_username
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smbusers
    • Sisestage järgnevad read faili
system_username = "network username"
    • Salvestage muudetud fail
  • Et muuta võrgukasutajat
sudo smbpasswd -a system_username
  • Et kustutada võrgukasutajat
sudo smbpasswd -x system_username

How to share home folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes)

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Leidke see rida
...
;  security = user
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reagas
  security = user
  username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

How to share home folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes)

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Leidke see rida
...
;  security = user
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reagas
  security = user
  username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Leidke see sektsioon
...
# By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next
# parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them.
  writable = no
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reagas
# By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next
# parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them.
  writable = yes

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

How to share group folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes)

sudo mkdir /home/group
sudo chmod 777 /home/group/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Leidke see rida
...
;  security = user
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reagas
 security = user
 username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Lisage järgnevad read faili lõppu
[Group]
  comment = Group Folder
  path = /home/group
  public = yes
  writable = no
  valid users = system_username1 system_username2
  create mask = 0700
  directory mask = 0700
  force user = nobody
  force group = nogroup


sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

How to share group folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes)


sudo mkdir /home/group
sudo chmod 777 /home/group/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Leidke see rida
...
;  security = user
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reagas
  security = user
  username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Lisage järgnevad read faili lõppu
[Group]
  comment = Group Folder
  path = /home/group
  public = yes
  writable = yes
  valid users = system_username1 system_username2
  create mask = 0700
  directory mask = 0700
  force user = nobody
  force group = nogroup

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

How to share public folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes)


sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Leidke see rida
...
;  security = user
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reagas
  security = user 
  username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Lisage järgnevad read faili lõppu
[public]
  comment = Public Folder
  path = /home/public
  public = yes
  writable = no
  create mask = 0777
  directory mask = 0777
  force user = nobody
  force group = nogroup

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

How to share public folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes)

sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Leidke see rida
...
;  security = user
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reagas
  security = user
  username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
  • Lisage järgnevad read faili lõppu
[public]
  comment = Public Folder
  path = /home/public
  public = yes
  writable = yes
  create mask = 0777
  directory mask = 0777
  force user = nobody 
  force group = nogroup

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

How to share public folders with read only permission (Authentication=No)

sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Leidke see rida
...
;  security = user
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reaga
  security = share
  • Lisage järgnevad read faili lõppu
[public]
  comment = Public Folder
  path = /home/public
  public = yes
  writable = no
  create mask = 0777
  directory mask = 0777
  force user = nobody
  force group = nogroup
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

How to share public folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=No)

sudo mkdir /home/public
sudo chmod 777 /home/public/
sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf
  • Leidke see rida
...
;  security = user
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reaga
  security = share
  • Lisage järgnevad read faili lõppu
[public]
  comment = Public Folder
  path = /home/public
  public = yes
  writable = yes
  create mask = 0777
  directory mask = 0777
  force user = nobody
  force group = nogroup
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart


SSH Server

Kuidas paigaldada SSH server kaugadministreerimiseks

sudo apt-get install ssh

Kuidas SSH abil Ubuntu masinale ligi pääseda

Oletame, et eemalolevale Ubuntu masinale on paigaldatud SSH serveri teenus
Lugege #Kuidas paigaldada SSH server kaugadministreerimiseks
Eemalolev masin: 192.168.0.1
ssh username@192.168.0.1

Kuidas kopeerida faile/kaustu eemalolevast Ubuntu masinast kohaliku masinasse (scp)

Oletame, et eemalolevale Ubuntu masinale on paigaldatud SSH serveri teenus
Lugege #Kuidas paigaldada SSH server kaugadministreerimiseks
Eemalolev Ubuntu masin: 192.168.0.1
Eemalolevate failide/kaustade asukoht: /home/username/remotefile.txt
Kohaliku masina salvestamise koht: . (käesolev asukoht)
scp -r username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/remotefile.txt .

How to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Ubuntu machine (scp)

Oletame, et eemalolevale Ubuntu masinale on paigaldatud SSH serveri teenus
Lugege #Kuidas paigaldada SSH server kaugadministreerimiseks
Local files/folders location: localfile.txt
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote Ubuntu machine save location: /home/username/
scp -r localfile.txt username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/

How to copy files/folders from remote Ubuntu machine into local machine (rsync)

Oletame, et eemalolevale Ubuntu masinale on paigaldatud SSH serveri teenus
Lugege #Kuidas paigaldada SSH server kaugadministreerimiseks
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote files/folders location: /home/username/remotefile.txt
Local machine save location: . (current directory)
rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/remotefile.txt .

How to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Ubuntu machine (rsync)

Oletame, et eemalolevale Ubuntu masinale on paigaldatud SSH serveri teenus
Lugege #Kuidas paigaldada SSH server kaugadministreerimiseks
Local files/folders location: localfile.txt
Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote Ubuntu machine save location: /home/username/
rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats localfile.txt username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/

How to mount remote folders into local Ubuntu machine (sshfs)

e.g. Assumed that remote machine has installed SSH Server service
Lugege #Kuidas paigaldada SSH server kaugadministreerimiseks
Remote machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote machine folder location: /media/music
  • Install sshfs
sudo apt-get install sshfs
  • Load kernel driver for sshfs
sudo modprobe fuse
  • For permanent use add 'fuse' at the end of /etc/modules
sudo gedit /etc/modules
  • Join the 'fuse' user group
sudo adduser your_user_name fuse
  • Create local mountpoint in your home directory
mkdir ~/remote_music
  • Mount the remote folder into ~/remote_music
sshfs 192.168.0.1:/meida/music ~/remote_music

Kuidas SSH abil Ubuntu masinale ligi pääseda Windowsi masinast

Oletame, et eemalolevale Ubuntu masinale on paigaldatud SSH serveri teenus
Lugege #Kuidas paigaldada SSH server kaugadministreerimiseks
  • Download PuTTY: Here


How to copy files/folders from/into remote Ubuntu machine via Windows machine

Oletame, et eemalolevale Ubuntu masinale on paigaldatud SSH serveri teenus
Lugege #Kuidas paigaldada SSH server kaugadministreerimiseks
  • Download FileZilla: Here

How to limit the user accounts that can connect through ssh remotely

e.g. If you enable the SSH server, then any user with a valid account can connect remotely
This can lead to security risks, as there exist remote password cracking tools that
try common username/password pairs.
  • Keep a backup of the ssh server configuration file with

sudo cp /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.ORIGINAL

  • Edit the configuration file

sudo gedit /etc/ssh/sshd_config

  • Change the parameter PermitRootLogin from yes to no. The superuser must not be able to connect directly from remote.
  • Add the parameter AllowUsers and specify the usernames (space separated) that can connect remotely.
  • You can also use DenyUsers for fine-grained selection of users.
  • If you enable the openssh server and you have no intention for now to enable remote connections, you may add AllowUsers nosuchuserhere to disable anyone connecting.

DHCP Server

How to install DHCP Server for automatic IP addresses assignment

e.g. Assumed that "eth0" is the interface for network card
IP Address Range: 192.168.0.100 to 192.168.0.200
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
DNS Servers: 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5
Domains: tm.net.my
Gateway Address: 192.168.0.1
sudo apt-get install dhcp3-server
sudo cp /etc/default/dhcp3-server /etc/default/dhcp3-server_backup
sudo gedit /etc/default/dhcp3-server
  • Leidke see rida
...
INTERFACES=""
  • Asendage see järgneva reaga
INTERFACES="eth0"
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo cp /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf
  • Leidke see sektsioon
...
# option definitions common to all supported networks...
option domain-name "example.org";
option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;

default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reagas
# option definitions common to all supported networks...
#option domain-name "example.org";
#option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;

#default-lease-time 600;
#max-lease-time 7200;
  • Leidke see sektsioon
...
# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
#subnet 10.5.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 {
# range 10.5.5.26 10.5.5.30;
# option domain-name-servers ns1.internal.example.org;
# option domain-name "internal.example.org";
# option routers 10.5.5.1;
# option broadcast-address 10.5.5.31;
# default-lease-time 600;
# max-lease-time 7200;
#}
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reagas
# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
 range 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.200;
 option domain-name-servers 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5;
 option domain-name "tm.net.my";
 option routers 192.168.0.1;
 option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255;
 default-lease-time 600;
 max-lease-time 7200;
}
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo /etc/init.d/dhcp3-server restart


Andmebaasiserver

Kuidas paigaldada MySQL andmebaasiserver

sudo apt-get install mysql-server
mysqladmin -u root password db_user_password

Kuidas paigaldada MySQL Administrator

sudo apt-get install mysql-admin

Apache HTTP Server

Kuidas paigaldada Apache HTTP veebiserver

sudo apt-get install apache2

Kuidas paigaldada PHP Apache HTTP serverile

sudo apt-get install php4
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
sudo gedit /var/www/testphp.php
  • Sisestage järgnevad read faili
<?php phpinfo(); ?>

How to install MYSQL for Apache HTTP Server

sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-auth-mysql
sudo apt-get install php4-mysql
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

How to map URLs to folders outside /var/www/

sudo gedit /etc/apache2/conf.d/alias
  • Sisestage järgnevad read uute faili
Alias /URL-path /location_of_folder/

<Directory /location_of_folder/>
  Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
  AllowOverride All
  Order allow,deny
  Allow from all
</Directory>
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

How to change the default port number for Apache HTTP Server

e.g. Assumed that new port number is 78
sudo cp /etc/apache2/ports.conf /etc/apache2/ports.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/apache2/ports.conf
  • Leidke see rida
Listen 80
  • Asendage see järgneva reaga
Listen 78
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart

How to parse RSS into PHP for Apache HTTP Server

e.g. Assumed that RSS is DistroWatch.com - News
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/magpierss-0.71.1.tar.gz
sudo mkdir /var/www/feeds
sudo tar zxvf magpierss-0.71.1.tar.gz -C /var/www/feeds/
sudo mv /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/* /var/www/feeds/
sudo rm -fr /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/
sudo chown -R www-data:root /var/www/feeds/
sudo gedit /var/www/feeds/index.php
  • Sisestage järgnevad read uute faili
 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
 
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
 
 <head>
 
 <title>DistroWatch.com - News</title>
 
 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"/>
 
 <style type="text/css">
 /*<![CDATA[*/
 /* 
 DEFAULT TAG STYLES
 */
 
 body {
  background: #ffffff;
  margin-left: 20px;
  font-family: bitstream vera sans,sans-serif;
  font-size: 9pt;
 }
 
 h1 {
  font-family: luxi sans,sans-serif;
  font-size: 15pt;
 }
 
 /*]]>*/
 </style>
 
 </head>
  
 <body>
 
 <?php

 require_once 'rss_fetch.inc';
 error_reporting(E_ERROR);
 
 $url = 'http://distrowatch.com/news/dw.xml';
 $rss = fetch_rss($url);
 
 if ($rss) {
 
  echo "<h1>";
  echo "<a href=$url>", $rss->channel[title], "</a><br/>";
  echo "</h1>";
 
  foreach ($rss->items as $item ) {
   $url = $item[link];
   $title = $item[title];
   $description = $item[description];
   echo "<li>";
   echo "<b>Topic:</b> <a href=$url><b><u>$title</u></b></a><br/><br/>";
   echo "$description<br/><br/>";
   echo "</li>";
  }
 
 }
 else {
  echo "<a href=$url>", $url, "</a> - Server Down!<br/>";
 }
 
 ?>
 
 </body>
 
 </html>

FTP Server

Kuidas paigaldada FTP server failivahetuseks

sudo apt-get install proftpd

How to configure FTP user to be "jailed" (chrooted) into their home directory

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Leidke see sektsioon
...
DenyFilter           \*.*/
...
  • Sisestage järgnev rida tema alla
DefaultRoot           ~
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart

Kuidas seadistada FTP server anonüümstele kasutajatele ainult lugemisõiguseks

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Lisage järgnevad read faili lõppu
<Anonymous ~ftp>
 User            ftp
 Group            nogroup
 UserAlias          anonymous ftp
 DirFakeUser on ftp
 DirFakeGroup on ftp
 RequireValidShell      off
 MaxClients         10
 DisplayLogin        welcome.msg
 DisplayFirstChdir      .message
 <Directory *>
  <Limit WRITE>
   DenyAll
  </Limit>
 </Directory>
</Anonymous>
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart

Kuidas seadistada FTP server anonüümsetele kasutajatele lugemis ja kirjutamisõigustele

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Lisage järgnevad read faili lõppu
<Anonymous ~ftp>
 User            ftp
 Group            nogroup
 UserAlias          anonymous ftp
 DirFakeUser on ftp
 DirFakeGroup on ftp
 RequireValidShell      off
 MaxClients         10
 DisplayLogin        welcome.msg
 DisplayFirstChdir      .message
</Anonymous>
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart

Kuidas liita anonüümseid FTP kasutajaid kaustadega väljapool /home/ftp kausta

sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Lisage järgnevad read faili lõppu
<Anonymous /location_of_folder/>
 User            ftp
 Group            nogroup
 UserAlias          anonymous ftp
 DirFakeUser on ftp
 DirFakeGroup on ftp
 RequireValidShell      off
 MaxClients         10
 DisplayLogin        welcome.msg
 DisplayFirstChdir      .message
 <Directory *>
  <Limit WRITE>
   DenyAll
  </Limit>
 </Directory>
</Anonymous>
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart

Kuidas muuta FTP serveri vaikimisi kasutatavat porti

e.g. Assumed that new port number is 77
sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/proftpd.conf
  • Leidke see rida
Port              21
  • Asendage see järgneva reaga
Port              77
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo /etc/init.d/proftpd restart

Kuidas FTP-ga Ubuntu masinale Windowsist ligi pääseda?

Oletame, et Ubuntu masinale on paigaldatud FTP serveri teenus
Lugege #Kuidas paigaldada FTP server failivahetuseks
  • Laadige alla FileZilla: Here

Streaming Media Server

Kuidas paigaldada GNUMP3d Streaming Media Serveri teenuse jaoks

e.g. /var/music/ is the directory containing multimedia files
sudo apt-get install gnump3d

Kuidas muuta vaikimisi kausta GNUMP3d multimeedia failide jaoks

oletame, et uus kaust, kus multimeedia failid asuvad on /home/music/
sudo cp /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf
  • Leidke see rida
root = /var/music
  • Asendage see järgneva reaga
root = /home/music
  • Leidke see rida
user = gnump3d
  • Asendage see järgneva reaga
user = root
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo /etc/init.d/gnump3d restart

Kuidas muuta vaikimisi porti GNUMP3d-l

oletame, et soovime uueks pordi numbriks panna 7878
sudo cp /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/gnump3d/gnump3d.conf
  • Leidke see rida
port = 8888
  • Asendage see järgneva reaga
port = 7878
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo /etc/init.d/gnump3d restart

Image Gallery Server

How to install Gallery for Image Gallery Server service

sudo apt-get install gallery (Kui küsitakse, kas restartida Apache valige No või Cancel)
sudo apt-get install imagemagick
sudo apt-get install jhead
sudo apt-get install libjpeg-progs
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
sudo sh /usr/share/gallery/configure.sh

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 1
Next Step ->

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 2
General settings Tab ->
Admin password: Specify the password

Locations and URLs Tab ->
Album directory: /var/www/albums/
Temporary directory: /tmp/
Gallery URL: http://localhost/gallery
Albums URL: http://localhost/albums
Next Step -->

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 3
Next Step -->

Gallery Configuration Wizard: Step 4
Save Config ->

How to configure Gallery to be accessible via Internet (Hostname or fix IP) or LAN (fix IP)

e.g. Assumed that network and internet connections have been configured properly
Internet (Hostname or fix IP) or LAN (fix IP): http://www.url.com
sudo cp /etc/gallery/config.php /etc/gallery/config.php_backup
sudo gedit /etc/gallery/config.php
  • Leidke see sektsioon
...
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://localhost/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://localhost/albums";
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reagas
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://www.url.com/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://www.url.com/albums";

How to configure Gallery to be accessible via LAN (dynamic IP)

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly
LAN (dynamic IP): 192.168.0.1
sudo cp /etc/gallery/config.php /etc/gallery/config.php_backup
sudo gedit /etc/gallery/config.php
  • Leidke see sektsioon
...
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "http://localhost/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "http://localhost/albums";
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reagas
$gallery->app->photoAlbumURL = "/gallery";
$gallery->app->albumDirURL = "/albums";

Kuidas varundada/taastada Gallery andmeid

sudo tar zcvf gallery.tgz /var/www/albums/ /etc/gallery/
  • Gallery andmete taastamiseks
sudo tar zxvf gallery.tgz -C /

Troubleshooting

Configuring network interfaces... (taking too long to load)

Synchronizing clock to ntp.ubuntulinux.org... (taking too long to load)

service_name = ntpdate

How to disable system time/date from being reset to UTC (GMT)

sudo cp /etc/default/rcS /etc/default/rcS_backup
sudo gedit /etc/default/rcS
  • Leidke see rida
...
UTC=yes
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reaga
UTC=no
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
  • System -> Administration -> Time and Date
Set the correct time/date

sudo /etc/init.d/hwclock.sh restart

Kuidas heli korralikult GNOME-s tööle saada

sudo killall esd
sudo cp /etc/esound/esd.conf /etc/esound/esd.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/esound/esd.conf
  • Leidke see sektsioon
...
auto_spawn=0
spawn_options=-terminate -nobeeps -as 5
...
  • Asendage see järgneva reagas
auto_spawn=1
spawn_options=-terminate -nobeeps -as 2 -d default
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo apt-get install libesd-alsa0
sudo gedit /etc/asound.conf
  • Sisestage järgnevad read uute faili
pcm.card0 {
type hw
card 0
}

pcm.!default {
type plug
slave.pcm "dmixer"
}

pcm.dmixer {
type dmix
ipc_key 1025
slave {
pcm "hw:0,0"
period_time 0
period_size 2048
buffer_size 32768
rate 48000
}
bindings {
0 0
1 1
}
}
  • Salvestage muudetud fail
sudo ln -fs /usr/lib/libesd.so.0 /usr/lib/libesd.so.1

System -> Preferences -> Sound
Sound preferences

General Tab -> Sounds for events (Un-Checked)
  • Salvestage ja sulgege kõik avatud rakendused. Restartige arvuti

Kuidas GNOME'i Prügikast jõuga tühjendada

sudo rm -fr $HOME/.Trash/

Kuidas GNOME'is topelt menüüsid/menüüelemente eemaldada

rm -f $HOME/.config/menus/applications.menu

How to refresh Places menu in GNOME (if mounts to /media/ in /etc/fstab does not show up)

sudo /etc/init.d/dbus-1 restart

Upgrading Ubuntu

How to upgrade from Dapper Drake to Dapper Drake+1 (experimental)

  • coming - more info after release of Dapper

Removed Topics

  • Topics that have been removed from this guide can be found here
Pärit leheküljelt "https://viki.pingviin.org/index.php?title=Ubuntu_6.06_Alustamisjuhend&oldid=3246"